实践证明,因电源引入的干扰造成PLC控制系统故障的情况很多,笔者在某工程调试中遇到过,后更换隔离能更高的PLC电源,问题才得到解决。
PLC系统的正常供电电源均由电网供电。由于电网覆盖范围广,它将受到所有空间电磁干扰而在线路上感应电压和电路。尤其是电网内部的变化,入开关操作浪涌、大型电力设备起停、交直流传动装置引起的谐波、电网短路暂态冲击等,都通过输电线路传到电源原边。PLC电源通常采用隔离电源,但其机构及制造工艺因素使其隔离并不理想。实际上,由于分布参数特别是分布电容的存在,隔离是不可能的。
(2)来自信号线引入的干扰
与PLC控制系统连接的各类信号传输线,除了传输有效的各类信息之外,总会有外部干扰信号侵入。此干扰主要有两种途径:一是通过变送器供电电源或共用信号仪表的供电电源串入的电网干扰,这往往被忽视;二是信号线受空间电磁辐射感应的干扰,即信号线上的外部感应干扰,这是很严重的。由信号引入干扰会引起I/O信号工作异常和测量精度大大降低,严重时将引起元器件损伤。对于隔离能差的系统,还将导致信号间互相干扰,引起共地系统总线回流,造成逻辑数据变化、误动和死机。PLC控制系统因信号引入干扰造成I/O模件损坏数相当严重,由此引起系统故障的情况也很多。
(3)来自接地系统混乱时的干扰
接地是提高电子设备电磁兼容(EMC)的有效手段之一。正确的接地,既能抑制电磁干扰的影响,又能抑制设备向外发出干扰;而错误的接地,反而会引入严重的干扰信号,使PLC系统将无法正常工作。
PLC控制系统的地线包括系统地、屏蔽地、交流地和保护地等。接地系统混乱对PLC系统的干扰主要是各个接地点电位分布不均,不同接地点间存在地电位差,引起地环路电流,影响系统正常工作。例如电缆屏蔽层必须一点接地,如果电缆屏蔽层两端A、B都接地,就存在地电位差,有电流流过屏蔽层,当发生异常状态如雷击时,地线电流将更大。
此外,屏蔽层、接地线和大地有可能构成闭合环路,在变化磁场的作用下,屏蔽层内有会出现感应电流,通过屏蔽层与芯线之间的耦合,干扰信号回路。若系统地与其它接地处理混乱,所产生的地环流就可能在地线上产生不等电位分布,影响PLC内逻辑电路和模拟电路的正常工作。PLC工作的逻辑电压干扰容限较低,逻辑地电位的分布干扰容易影响PLC的逻辑运算和数据存贮,造成数据混乱、程序跑飞或死机。模拟地电位的分布将导致测量精度下降,引起对信号测控的严重失真和误动作。
来自PLC系统内部的干扰
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