2.2 PLC控制系统中电磁干扰的主要来源
2.2.1来自空间的辐射干干扰
空间的辐射电磁场（EMI）主要是由电力网络、电气设备的暂态过程、雷电、无线电广播、电视、雷达、高频感应加热设备等产生的，通常称为辐射干扰，其分布极为复杂。若PLC系统置于所射频场内，就回收到辐射干扰，其影响主要通过两条路径：一是直接对PLC内部的辐射，由电路感应产生干扰；而是对PLC通信内网络的辐射，由通信线路的感应引入干扰。辐射干扰与现场设备布置及设备所产生的电磁场大小，特别是频率有关，一般通过设置屏蔽电缆和PLC局部屏蔽及高压泄放元件进行保护。
2.2.2来自系统外引线的干扰
主要通过电源和信号线引入，通常称为传导干扰。这种干扰在我国工业现场较严重。
（1）来自电源的干扰
实践证明，因电源引入的干扰造成PLC控制系统故障的情况很多，笔者在某工程调试中遇到过，后更换隔离能更高的PLC电源，问题才得到解决。
PLC系统的正常供电电源均由电网供电。由于电网覆盖范围广，它将受到所有空间电磁干扰而在线路上感应电压和电路。尤其是电网内部的变化，入开关操作浪涌、大型电力设备起停、交直流传动装置引起的谐波、电网短路暂态冲击等，都通过输电线路传到电源原边。PLC电源通常采用隔离电源，但其机构及制造工艺因素使其隔离并不理想。实际上，由于分布参数特别是分布电容的存在，隔离是不可能的。
（2）来自信号线引入的干扰
与PLC控制系统连接的各类信号传输线，除了传输有效的各类信息之外，总会有外部干扰信号侵入。此干扰主要有两种途径：一是通过变送器供电电源或共用信号仪表的供电电源串入的电网干扰，这往往被忽视；二是信号线受空间电磁辐射感应的干扰，即信号线上的外部感应干扰，这是很严重的。由信号引入干扰会引起I/O信号工作异常和测量精度大大降低，严重时将引起元器件损伤。对于隔离能差的系统，还将导致信号间互相干扰，引起共地系统总线回流，造成逻辑数据变化、误动和死机。PLC控制系统因信号引入干扰造成I/O模件损坏数相当严重，由此引起系统故障的情况也很多。
（3）来自接地系统混乱时的干扰
接地是提高电子设备电磁兼容（EMC）的有效手段之一。正确的接地，既能抑制电磁干扰的影响，又能抑制设备向外发出干扰；而错误的接地，反而会引入严重的干扰信号，使PLC系统将无法正常工作。
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