来自空间的辐射干扰
空间的辐射电磁场(EMI)主要是由电力网络、电气设备的暂态过程、雷电、无线电广播、电视、雷达、高频感应加热设备等产生的,通常称为辐射干扰,其分布极为复杂。若PLC系统置于所射频场内,就回收到辐射干扰,其影响主要通过两条路径:一是直接对PLC内部的辐射,由电路感应产生干扰;而是对PLC通信内网络的辐射,由通信线路的感应引入干扰。辐射干扰与现场设备布置及设备所产生的电磁场大小,特别是频率有关,一般通过设置屏蔽电缆和PLC局部屏蔽及高压泄放元件进行保护。
2.2来自系统外引线的干扰
主要通过电源和信号线引入,通常称为传导干扰。这种干扰在我国工业现场较严重。
(1)来自电源的干扰
实践证明,因电源引入的干扰造成PLC控制系统故障的情况很多,笔者在某工程调试中遇到过,后更换隔离能更高的PLC电源,问题才得到解决。
PLC系统的正常供电电源均由电网供电。由于电网覆盖范围广,它将受到所有空间电磁干扰而在线路上感应电压和电路。尤其是电网内部的变化,入开关操作浪涌、大型电力设备起停、交直流传动装置引起的谐波、电网短路暂态冲击等,都通过输电线路传到电源原边。PLC电源通常采用隔离电源,但其机构及制造工艺因素使其隔离并不理想。实际上,由于分布参数特别是分布电容的存在,隔离是不可能的。
(2)来自信号线引入的干扰
与PLC控制系统连接的各类信号传输线,除了传输有效的各类信息之外,总会有外部干扰信号侵入。此干扰主要有两种途径:一是通过变送器供电电源或共用信号仪表的供电电源串入的电网干扰,这往往被忽视;二是信号线受空间电磁辐射感应的干扰,即信号线上的外部感应干扰,这是很严重的。由信号引入干扰会引起I/O信号工作异常和测量精度大大降低,严重时将引起元器件损伤。对于隔离能差的系统,还将导致信号间互相干扰,引起共地系统总线回流,造成逻辑数据变化、误动和死机。PLC控制系统因信号引入干扰造成I/O模件损坏数相当严重,由此引起系统故障的情况也很多。
(3)来自接地系统混乱时的干扰
接地是提高电子设备电磁兼容(EMC)的有效手段之一。正确的接地,既能抑制电磁干扰的影响,又能抑制设备向外发出干扰;而错误的接地,反而会引入严重的干扰信号,使PLC系统将无法正常工作。
PLC控制系统的地线包括系统地、屏蔽地、交流地和保护地等。接地系统混乱对PLC系统的干扰主要是各个接地点电位分布不均,不同接地点间存在地电位差,引起地环路电流,影响系统正常工作。例如电缆屏蔽层必须一点接地,如果电缆屏蔽层两端A、B都接地,就存在地电位差,有电流流过屏蔽层,当发生异常状态如雷击时,地线电流将更大。
此外,屏蔽层、接地线和大地有可能构成闭合环路,在变化磁场的作用下,屏蔽层内有会出现感应电流,通过屏蔽层与芯线之间的耦合,干扰信号回路。若系统地与其它接地处理混乱,所产生的地环流就可能在地线上产生不等电位分布,影响PLC内逻辑电路和模拟电路的正常工作。PLC工作的逻辑电压干扰容限较低,逻辑地电位的分布干扰容易影响PLC的逻辑运算和数据存贮,造成数据混乱、程序跑飞或死机。模拟地电位的分布将导致测量精度下降,引起对信号测控的严重失真和误动作。
来自PLC系统内部的干扰
主要由系统内部元器件及电路间的相互电磁辐射产生,如逻辑电路相互辐射及其对模拟电路的影响,模拟地与逻辑地的相互影响及元器件间的相互不匹配使用等。这都属于PLC制造厂对系统内部进行电磁兼容设计的内容,比较复杂,作为应用部门是无法改变,可不必过多考虑,但要选择具有较多应用实绩或经过考验的系统。
三、PLC控制系统工程应用的抗干扰设计
为了保证系统在工业电磁环境中免受或减少内外电磁干扰,必须从设计阶段开始便采取三个方面抑制措施:抑制干扰源;切断或衰减电磁干扰的传播途径;提高装置和系统的抗干扰能力。这三点就是抑制电磁干扰的基本原则。
PLC控制系统的抗干扰是一个系统工程,要求制造单位设计生产出具有较强抗干扰能力的产品,且有赖于使用部门在工程设计、安装施工和运行维护中予以全面考虑,并结合具有情况进行综合设计,才能保证系统的电磁兼容和运行可靠。进行具体工程的抗干扰设计时,应主要以下两个方面。
MVME134
MVME134FP
MVME135 MVME135-1 MVME135A
MVME337-1 SMM135ESYTM
MVME136
MVME136A
MVME141-1
MVME141-2
MVME143 MVME143-1 MVME143-2
MVME143S-2
MVME147
MVME147-1
MVME147A
MVME147A-1
MVME147RF
MVME147S
MVME147S-1
MVME147SA
MVME147SA-1
MVME147SA-2
MVME147SB-1
MVME147SB-2
MVME147SC-1
MVME147SC-2
MVME147SRF
MVME147-010
MVME147-011
MVME147-011A
MVME147-012
MVME147-012A
MVME147-013
MVME147-013A
MVME147-014
MVME147-014A
MVME147-022
MVME147-022A
MVME147-023
MVME147-023A
MVME147-024
MVME147-024A
MVME148
MVME148-001
MVME162-001
MVME162-002
MVME162-003
MVME162-010
MVME162-010A
MVME162-011A
MVME162-012
MVME162-012A
MVME162-013
MVME162-013A
MVME162-014A
MVME162-020
MVME162-020A
MVME162-021A
MVME162-022
MVME162-022A
MVME162-023
MVME162-023A
MVME162-026A
MVME162-030
MVME162-031
MVME162-032
MVME162-033
MVME162-040
MVME162-041
MVME162-042
MVME162-043
MVME162-200
MVME162-201
MVME162-202
MVME162-210
MVME162-211
MVME162-212
MVME162-213
MVME162-216
MVME162-220
MVME162-222
MVME162-223
MVME162-233
MVME162-243
MVME162-253
MVME162-262
MVME162-263
MVME162-322
MVME162-323
MVME162-333
MVME162-353
MVME162-403
MVME162-410
MVME162-411
MVME162-412
MVME162-413
MVME162-430
MVME162-431
MVME162-432
MVME162-433
MVME162-453
MVME162-510A
MVME162-511A
MVME162-512
MVME162-512A
MVME162-513
MVME162-513A
MVME162-520A
MVME162-521A
MVME162-522
MVME162-522A
MVME162-523
MVME162-523A
MVME162-530A
MVME162-531A
MVME162-532
MVME162-532A
MVME162-533
MVME162-533A
MVME162-723
MVME162-743
MVME162-763
MVME162-813
MVME162-833
MVME162-853
MVME162-863
MVME162P-242
MVME162P-242E
MVME162PA-242
MVME162PA-242E
MVME162P-242L
MVME162PA-242L
MVME162P-244LE
MVME162P-242LE
MVME162PA-242LE
MVME162PA-242LNS
MVME162P-242SE
MVME162PA-242SE
MVME162P-244L
MVME162PA-244L
MVME162PA-244LE
MVME162PA-244LN
MVME162P-242LSE
MVME162PA-242LSE
MVME162P-244LSE
MVME162PA-244LSE
MVME162PA-252LSE
MVME162P-252SE
MVME162PA-252SE
MVME162P-344
MVME162PA-344
MVME162P-344E
MVME162PA-344E
MVME162P-344S
MVME162PA-344S
MVME162P-344SE
MVME162PA-344SE
MEM162
MVME162-013 MVME333-2 MVME167-031A? MVME177-003 PMC243MOT-R40M?
MVME162-013A? MVME374 MVME167-032B? MVME177-004 MVME162-523
MVME162-020 MVME374-1 MVME167-033A? MVME177-005 MVME162-532A
MVME162-022? MVME376 MVME167-033B? MVME177-006 MVME162P-242LE
MVME162-023? MVME705-1 MVME167-034A MVME177-012 MVME162P-242LSE
MVME162-023A? MVME705A MVME167-34B? MVME177-013 MVME162P-244LE
MVME162-032 MVME705A w/RFI MVME167-034B? MVME177-014 MVME162P-252SE
MVME162-040? MVME705A-001 MVME167-035B? MVME177-015 MVME162P-344
MVME162-211 MVME705B w/RFI MVME167-036B? MVME177-016 MVME162P-344E
MVME162-212 MVME708-001 MVME167P-036SE MVME177P-54SE MVME162PA-242LE
MVME162-213 MVME710B MVME167P-35SE? MVME177P-55SE MVME162PA-244L
MVME162-215 MVME721-101 MVME167P-34SE? MVME177P-56SE MVME162PA-244LE
MVME162-222 MVME712-103 MVME167-04? MVME177P-64SE MVME162PA-244LSE
MVME162-223 MVME712-104 MVME167A MVME177P-65SE MVME162PA-344B
MVME162-253 MVME712A MVME167C MVME177P-66SE MVME162PA-344E
MVME162-263 MVME712/AM MVME167P-24SE MVME177P-67SE MVME162-512A
MVME162-410 MVME712B MVME167P-35SE MVME162-512A MVME162-433
MVME162-412 MVME712M MVME761-001 MVME162-522A MVME162-510A
MVME162-432 MVME712/M MVME761EXT MVME714
MVME162-013 MVME333-2 MVME167-031A? MVME177-003 PMC243MOT-R40M?
MVME162-013A? MVME374 MVME167-032B? MVME177-004 MVME162-523
MVME162-020 MVME374-1 MVME167-033A? MVME177-005 MVME162-532A
MVME162-022? MVME376 MVME167-033B? MVME177-006 MVME162P-242LE
MVME162-023? MVME705-1 MVME167-034A MVME177-012 MVME162P-242LSE
MVME162-023A? MVME705A MVME167-34B? MVME177-013 MVME162P-244LE
MVME162-032 MVME705A w/RFI MVME167-034B? MVME177-014 MVME162P-252SE
MVME162-040? MVME705A-001 MVME167-035B? MVME177-015 MVME162P-344
MVME162-211 MVME705B w/RFI MVME167-036B? MVME177-016 MVME162P-344E
MVME162-212 MVME708-001 MVME167P-036SE MVME177P-54SE MVME162PA-242LE
MVME162-213 MVME710B MVME167P-35SE? MVME177P-55SE MVME162PA-244L
MVME162-215 MVME721-101 MVME167P-34SE? MVME177P-56SE MVME162PA-244LE
MVME162-222 MVME712-103 MVME167-04? MVME177P-64SE MVME162PA-244LSE
MVME162-223 MVME712-104 MVME167A MVME177P-65SE MVME162PA-344B
MVME162-253 MVME712A MVME167C MVME177P-66SE MVME162PA-344E